淮鹽荔枝米俐

2019年7月2日（二）帕爾瑪（Parma）

Parma, Provincia di Parma, Italy

Parma, city, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, on the Parma River, northwest of Bologna. Founded by the Romans along the Via Aemilia in 183 bc, Parma was important as a road junction; its trade flourished, and it obtained Roman citizenship. It became an episcopal see in the 4th century and was later destroyed by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric. 

The city was rebuilt in the Middle Ages and was ruled by its bishops from the 9th century. Parma enjoyed communal liberty in the late 12th and 13th centuries, until its involvement in the struggles between the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy in the early 14th century led to its subjugation by a series of lordships. 

Made part of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza by Pope Paul III in 1545, it was held by the Farnese dukes and later passed to the Austrians, from whom it was taken by Napoleon, who in 1815 gave it to his second consort, Marie Louise of Austria. In 1831 and 1848 it took part in the risings for independence and in 1861 became part of united Italy (see also Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of). During World War II the city was extensively damaged by Allied bombardment.

Parma is an important rail and road junction on the main routes from Milan to Bologna. Its economy is mainly agricultural. Parmesan cheese is world famous. Machinery, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, shoes, and alcohol are also made. Pop. (2006 est.) mun., 175,789.

帕爾馬的美食聞名全球，尤其是巴馬臣芝士和巴馬火腿令人難以抗拒。自威爾第 (生於帕爾馬附近的勒朗科勒) 時期起，一眾歌劇愛好者也對帕爾馬趨之若鶩，紛紛湧向杜林皇家劇院朝聖。此外，帕爾馬的歷史景點眾多，包括：11 世紀的大教堂及洗禮場地。自 12 世紀開始，這幢建築物在羅馬式的歌德式建築時期獲譽為中世紀歐洲最重要的建築。 

帕爾馬於古羅馬時代屬於羅馬帝國一部分；中世紀時代則為貫通羅馬與歐洲北部的要塞。文藝復興後，該地出現了帕爾馬公國。自十九世紀義大利統一後，隨著連接博洛尼亞、皮亞琴察等周邊城市的交通改進，開始發展出一些工業來。 

帕爾瑪主教座堂 (Cathedral of Parma)

帕爾瑪主教座堂是一座羅馬天主教主教座堂，位於意大利艾米利亞-羅馬涅大區的帕爾瑪。這是一座重要的意大利羅曼式主教座堂。穹頂的幻覺壁畫極具影響力，出自文藝復興畫家科雷吉歐之手。該堂由卡達魯斯(Cadalo)主教施工於1059年，在1106年由教宗帕斯卡二世(Paschal II)祝聖。教堂可能在6世紀已經存在，後來荒廢；在9世紀在其後部新建了另一所教堂。新教堂在1117年地震中嚴重受損而重建。

哥德式的鐘樓為後來於1284-1294年增建，原計劃在左側也建造一座鐘樓，但一直未能付諸實施，主教座堂之側是八角形的帕爾瑪洗禮堂。

《聖母升天圖》是科雷吉歐繪製在帕爾馬大教堂圓形拱頂上的濕壁畫，由窗戶分隔成八角形狀，上面安排著使徒形象，其形象看上去健壯結實，用前縮法向拱頂中央投入過去；在頂部邊框上繪製一群活潑可愛的天使，另一群天使安排在雲層上，藉由衪們的姿態和前縮法的處理，使此畫具有不可思議的多樣性和自由感；作為畫面結束部分的最高處是一群登入天國的人們，而在光環中襯托出聖母的形象。這幅作品是整個十六世紀最壯觀、最具革新精神的作品之一。  

The Cathedral of Parma is from 900 years a place of art, history and sacredness. Here are preserved the bas-reliefs by Benedetto Antelami, the romanesque art heritage and the grand frescoes by Antonio Allegri, known as Correggio. Entering into this place means living the faith, opening up to art and discovering one of the most precious treasures of the city.

The facade is made from blocks of sandstone and decorated with a row of loggias and two tiers of galleries. The porch on the main door is supported by lions, built in 1281 by master stone-cutter Giambono da Bissone. The octagonal dome, mounted on a crossing tower is quite unusual for a medieval church.

The interior of the Cathedral is shaped on a Latin cross. The ceiling and walls are frescoed in the Mannerist style. A 16th century red Verona marble staircase leads up to the transepts where, on the right, is the famous relief of the Deposition by Benedetto Antelami, one of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture, showing clear Provencal influences. 

The great void of the dome was frescoed by Correggio in 1526 with the Assumption of the Virgin. Concentric circles of clouds and heavenly hosts that inspired much of the Baroque work of the following century thanks to its illusionistic style so ahead of its time. Correggio’s audacious use for the time of foreshortening make the figures in the clouds protrude in a realistic way into the spectators’ space.

The vaults above the choir were painted by Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli (1538) who also frescoed the Last Judgment in the apse semidome

Piazza Duomo, 1 - 43121 - Parma 

Phone: +39 0521235886

Opening times

every day from 8am to 7pm.

Services from Monday to Friday at 8am (except from the middle of July to the middle of Augusta), 11am (from the end of September to June 24), 6.30pm; on Saturday at 6.30pm; on Sunday at 9.30am (from November to Easter), 11am, 18.30pm.

Prices

Free entrance.

Possibility of renting a multimedial tour with a a smart guide in Italian, English, German and French at € 2,00. The rental is free for the holders of the tickets of the Baptistery or of the Diocesan museum.

Groups with a guide must be equipped with the radio guides.

Website

E-mail 

另一次在意大利的土地，免費遊覽教堂。是次遊覽的教堂，比起遊覽五漁村時的聖瑪加利大堂更宏偉、更多珍貴的歷史和宗教文物。

門口的石獅子的外形很獨特，很像一隻刺蝟，為中西地區所罕見的。(下)

由於此堂紀念聖母升天，所以也應提一提聖母升天的事跡。雖然聖經上並沒有記載聖母升天的事蹟，但教會訓導極力聲明聖經是這端信理的終極根據。因為復活升天的耶穌基督是基督徒的典型，是人在末世最終要達至的境界。聖母――因其一生與救主的救贖工程配合無間，因此，以優越的方式，預先品嚐了這境界，這也是世人終將分享基督復活生命的保證。 

聖母瑪利亞是耶穌的母親。耶穌是天主，所以聖母是天主的母親。「聖母為天主之母」是 一端信德道理，主曆四三一年厄弗所大公會議特予隆重宣布。

聖母是童貞女，聖子降孕，是聖神奇妙的化工，與聖母的童貞絕對無損，這是聖教會一致公認的道理。 聖母終身未犯任何罪愆，靈魂純潔無瑕，這是脫利騰大公會議宣佈的道理。聖母是全體人類的母親。我們尊敬聖母，應當比恭敬一切天神聖人更鄭重。因為聖母地 位，遠在一切天神聖人之上，已如上述。但是我們不能用欽崇天主的敬禮，恭敬聖母，這是當然的事；因為聖母也是受造物，她的尊榮、她的崇高的地位，是天主賜 與她的。

聖母瑪利亞去世時，身體和靈魂同時被提升天。聖母身靈同時被提升天，是天主賞賜聖母 的一種特殊恩典。我們想想：聖母的聖身，終身未被罪惡玷污，天主聖子降生人間，祂的肉體就是聖母的聖身供給的。養育聖嬰耶穌，衣之食之的，是聖母。耶穌一 生，以母禮侍奉聖母。這樣說來，聖母的身體脫逸一般肉體，死後腐朽的自然規律，與靈魂一同光榮升天，享受永福，原是很合理的。聖母身靈同時升天的道理，是聖教會自古以來的傳統信仰。

哥德式的鐘樓為後來於1284-1294年增建，原計劃在左側也建造一座鐘樓，但一直未能付諸實施，主教座堂之側是八角形的帕爾瑪洗禮堂。

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帕爾瑪洗禮堂 (Battistero di Parma) (下)

 

 

帕爾瑪洗禮堂在建築上標誌着羅曼式與哥德式風格之間的過渡，被認為居於歐洲最重要的中世紀古蹟之列。1196年，帕爾瑪市議會委託Benedetto Antelami修建帕爾瑪洗禮堂。這是一座呈八角形建築，外表為粉紅色的維羅納大理石，內部有16個拱，裝飾以13世紀和14世紀的壁畫和繪畫。洗禮堂曾因使用的粉紅大理石缺貨，令工程多次停工。然而，最引人注目的部分，是其穹頂天花板，內裏分成16個折面，分佈着描繪月份季節的雕飾，莊嚴華麗。