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面對美國制裁風暴，中國準備反擊
Facing a Flurry of U.S. Sanctions, China Prepares to Hit Back
ays before President-elect Donald J. Trump takes office, China is gearing up for economic battle with the United States.
在美國候任總統唐納德·川普就職的幾天前，中國正在為與美國展開經濟戰做準備。
It threatened a widespread investigation into American chipmakers. It zeroed in on one American retailer, accusing it of “inappropriate conduct” that could lead to sanctions usually reserved for weapons sellers. And it got ready to slap duties on imports of industrial plastics.
中國威脅要對美國晶片製造商進行廣泛調查。它盯上了一家美國零售商，指責其「不當行為」，這可能導致通常只針對武器銷售商的制裁。中國還準備對進口工業塑料徵收關稅。
The flurry of retaliatory gestures, all delivered this week, could have far-reaching implications for American companies. They join other measures by China in recent weeks with one objective: putting the incoming Trump administration on notice.
這一系列上週做出的報復性姿態可能會對美國公司產生深遠影響。它們與中國最近幾週採取的其他措施一樣，目的只有一個：對即將上任的川普政府發出警告。
“It’s a warning shot to the new administration that we won’t sit back, and we have leverage also in the event of a deepening of the trade tech wars,” said Myron Brilliant, a senior counselor at Dentons Global Advisors-ASG, a business consulting firm.
「這是對新政府的一個警告，即我們不會坐以待斃，如果貿易技術戰加劇，我們也有籌碼，」商業諮詢公司Dentons Global Advisors-ASG的高級顧問薄邁倫(Myron Brilliant)表示。
So far in the tit-for-tat between the world’s superpowers, Washington has set the tone for tough measures aimed at curbing China’s economic influence and stifling the development of industries that could give it a military edge.
迄今為止，在兩個世界超級大國的針鋒相對中，華盛頓已經定下了強硬措施的基調，這些措施旨在遏制中國的經濟影響力，扼殺可能使中國獲得軍事優勢的產業發展。
In the past, Beijing’s responses were measured. But its words and actions are growing sharper, and the targets of its retaliatory blows are widening to include supply chain vulnerabilities, critical minerals and individual companies.
過去，中國政府的反應是克制的。但中國政府的言行越來越尖銳，報復打擊的目標也越來越廣泛，包括供應鏈漏洞、關鍵礦產和個別公司。
China this week called Washington’s actions “irrational and extremely irresponsible,” adding that “no bullying or coercion can shake China’s determination to be self-reliant.” It vowed to “defend its own sovereignty, security, and development interests.”
中國上週稱華盛頓的行動「不理性、極不負責任」，還表示「任何欺凌和脅迫都不能動搖中國自力更生的決心」。中國誓言要「捍衛主權、安全和發展利益」。
Then regulators in Beijing took action. The Ministry of Commerce said it would investigate whether the United States was dumping low-end chips on China — a move aimed at companies like Nvidia, Intel and Micron that are already facing scrutiny.
隨後，北京的監管機構採取了行動。商務部表示將調查美國是否向中國傾銷低端晶片——此舉針對的是英偉達、英特爾和美光等已經面臨審查的公司。
Nvidia is already under investigation by China’s antimonopoly regulator over possible violations of its antitrust law. A think tank with ties to China’s internet regulator recently called for a review of Intel. After Micron underwent a review by the same internet regulator, it was cut off from supplying chips to much of China’s market.
China said the antidumping inquiry was in response to complaints from domestic companies that American chipmakers got unfair advantages because of subsidies and grants through the 2022 CHIPS and Science Act, the U.S. industrial policy aimed at boosting chip making at home.
中國稱，此次反傾銷調查是為了回應國內公司的投訴，即美國晶片製造商通過2022年《晶片和科學法案》獲得了補貼和補助，從而獲得了不公平的優勢。該法案是美國旨在促進國內晶片製造的產業政策。
The policy had “caused profound and significant impact on the global semiconductor supply chain,” the China Semiconductor Industry Association said, adding that it hoped the investigations would “create a healthy and orderly market environment for industrial development.”
中國半導體行業協會表示，該政策「對全球半導體供應鏈產生了深遠而重大的影響」，並希望此次調查能「為產業發展創造健康有序的市場環境」。
The same industry group previously called for a boycott of American chips as “no longer safe and reliable.”
該行業組織曾呼籲抵制美國晶片，認為其「不再安全可靠」。
The complaints resemble those from Washington about China’s policy of shoveling money into homegrown companies in defiance of global trade agreements.
這些抱怨與華盛頓對中國無視全球貿易協議，向本土公司注入資金的政策所做的抱怨相似。
Likewise, Beijing’s punitive actions increasingly mirror Washington’s.
同樣，北京的懲罰性行動也越來越多地與華盛頓如出一轍。
The scrutiny came in response to the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2021 banning most imports of products from Xinjiang, a region in China’s far west where the government has detained large numbers of predominantly Muslim minorities. This week, the Biden administration said it would block imports from over three dozen Chinese companies under the law.
美國國會於2021年頒佈了《防止維吾爾族強迫勞動法》，禁止從中國最西部的新疆進口大部分產品，中國政府在該地區拘禁了大量以穆斯林為主的少數民族人士。上週，拜登政府表示將根據該法禁止從三十多家中國公司進口產品。
China has quietly passed its own laws that ban compliance with laws, sanctions or boycotts in other countries. The commerce ministry has the authority to deem commercial decisions as a threat to China’s national security. In complying with U.S. law, PVH could be in breach of China’s rules.
中國已悄然通過了自己的法律，禁止遵守其他國家的法律、制裁或抵制。商務部有權將商業決定視為對中國國家安全的威脅。在遵守美國法律的同時，PVH可能違反了中國的規定。
China’s probe could lead to PVH being placed on an “unreliable entity list,” a move that would give Beijing the ability to stop its imports and exports from China, ban future investments and bar employees from the country. So far, China has placed U.S. defense companies on this list for selling weapons to Taiwan, a region over which Beijing claims sovereignty.
中國的調查可能導致PVH被列入「不可靠實體名單」，此舉將使中國政府有能力停止該公司從中國的進出口、禁止未來投資並禁止員工入境。迄今為止，中國已將向台灣出售武器的美國國防公司列入該名單，中國政府聲稱對台灣擁有主權。
In an emailed response, a PVH spokeswoman said that the company complied with “all relevant laws and regulations in all countries and regions in which we operate” and was “in communication with the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and will respond in accordance with the relevant regulations.”
PVH發言人在一封電子郵件回覆中表示，該公司遵守「我們開展業務的所有國家和地區的所有相關法律法規」，並「正在與中國商務部溝通，將根據相關法規做出回應」。
China also said this week that starting on Jan. 24 it would impose duties on industrial plastics. The news followed a monthslong antidumping investigation into polyformaldehyde copolymer, a chemical product exported by companies in the United States, the European Union and Japan.
中國本週還表示，將從1月24日起對工業塑料徵收關稅。在此之前，中國對聚甲醛共聚物進行了長達數月的反傾銷調查，這是一種由美國、歐盟和日本的公司出口的化學產品。
China began the probe last year, days after Washington added tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles and the European Union started investigating steel exports from China.
去年，在華盛頓對中國電動汽車加徵關稅、歐盟開始調查中國鋼鐵出口的幾天後，中國開啟了這項調查。
Some observers speculate that the investigations and threats now in place on both sides could give President-elect Trump, who will be inaugurated Monday, an opening to start making deals. Some Chinese officials are hoping Mr. Trump will be incentivized to do so.
一些觀察人士猜測，目前雙方都在進行的調查和發出的威脅可能會給將於週一就職的候任總統川普一個開始做交易的機會。一些中國官員希望川普會受到激勵而這樣做。
In a display of its willingness to engage with Mr. Trump, China said on Friday that Vice President Han Zheng would attend Mr. Trump’s inauguration as a representative of Xi Jinping, China’s top leader. It would be the first time a senior Chinese leader has attended such a ceremony.
中國上週五表示，國家副主席韓正將作為中國最高領導人習近平的代表出席川普的就職典禮，這表明了中國與川普接觸的意願。這將是中國高級領導人首次出席美國總統就職典禮。
“There is an implicit carrot and stick approach with China’s strategy toward Trump,” said Joe Mazur, an analyst at Trivium, the research firm.
研究公司Trivium的分析師喬·馬祖爾表示：「中國對川普的戰略隱含著胡蘿蔔加大棒的做法。」
“On the one hand they will try to play to Trump’s proclivities as a deal maker but at the same they are signaling they are willing to take some punitive actions.”
「一方面，他們會試圖迎合川普喜歡作為交易者的傾向，但同時他們也在表明，他們也在發出願意採取一些懲罰性行動的信號。」
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