上下華嚴寺
名勝巨剎――華嚴寺華嚴寺坐落在山西省大同市西大街,是一種漢文化與遼文化融合的寺院。該寺院由上、下華嚴寺、海會殿三部分組成。上、下華嚴寺打破一般寺院坐北朝南的佈局,其主要建築坐西朝東,這是遼金建築的特徵之一。而海會殿則保留漢文化原有的方位特徵。華嚴寺於1961年被國務院公佈為全國重點文物保護單位。該寺院具有獨特的建築水平和非凡的藝術風格,營建華嚴寺是依據佛教十大宗之一的華嚴宗的經典《華嚴經》而建,故名。 中國是個多民族的國家,契丹族是我們少數民族之一,長期居於遼河上游,是一個軍事發展較快、進入全盛時期,其疆域遼闊,在接受漢文化的同時仍保留著本民族的優秀文化及其他方面的特色,因而成為中國北方的強盛民族之一。再者,在接受漢文化的同時,遼皇室內部接受了佛教的影響,信奉佛教。據遼史記載,華嚴寺建於清寧八年(1062年),道宗皇帝巡視西京時建築。金代天眷三年(1140年),在舊址重建大雄寶殿。 上華嚴寺上華嚴寺是以大雄寶殿為主,與附屬建築互相配搭而成,構成一處精巧的玲瓏寺院。寺院為兩進院,建有天王殿、觀音閣(南)、地藏王閣(北)、鐘鼓亭及配殿,形成南北對稱,高低錯落的遼金建築風格。 山門上懸掛上華嚴寺匾額,繪有八幅圖案,分別是魚、橋、耕、讀和春夏秋冬,但現在已改變原貌。 大雄寶殿是華嚴寺的主要建築之一,距今已有800多年歷史。大殿建在4米的台基上平面為凸字型,長61.4米,寬34.3米,置檐石散水,其餘皆由青磚砌成。月台長33. 3米,深18.9米,頂部建築為單檐五脊,坡度較平緩,古樸而莊嚴。殿頂正脊高為1.5米,兩端鴟吻高4.2米,每塊筒瓦長0.76米,重約廿七公斤。紅色琉璃瓦剪邊,冠於全寺。大殿的天花藻井千差萬別,構圖繁雜,色彩斑斕,極富變化,同時又顯得富麗堂皇。繪製的圖案有龍鳳、仙鶴、花草和梵文等,形成獨特的風格。圖案色彩濃淡不同,線條精細,富有明代色彩。 地藏王閣(北)是地藏菩薩的閣樓。地藏菩薩在唐代始流行,他能解脫人間苦難,用一種新的方法縮短了天國與人間的距離。地藏菩薩曾在諸佛中發誓要成熟一切眾生,具足善報。對於人間的苦難,如貧窮、疾苦、牢獄、水漂、火焚、毒蛇、猛獸、惡鬼、災難等,只要唸地藏菩薩的名號,便可得以解脫。據《宋高僧傳》記載,釋迦牟尼滅度1500年後,地藏菩薩生於新羅國王族,姓喬,名金覺,自幼出家。唐玄宗時遠赴中國,居九華山,99歲圓寂。有人極相信喬金覺就是地藏菩薩的前生。 下華嚴寺又稱下寺,由前後兩座院落組成。前院以展廳為主,主要展出人類起源的「古城」――北魏的平城,遼金的西京。後院以薄伽教藏殿為主,自成一體,精巧玲瓏,兩院合稱下華嚴寺。 薄伽教藏殿是儲蓄佛經的殿堂,3米高的月台呈現凸字形,青磚舖地,台級20步,石級盡頭建有木枋,左為鐘亭;右為石亭。大殿坐西朝東,面闊五間、(25.6米),深進四間(18.41米)結構簡單,手法洗練。具有協調的特點,是不可多得的遼代建築代表。 東方維納斯――合掌露齒菩薩 31尊塑像分為三組,分別圍繞在三尊主像的前後左右。塑像比例適當,體態豐滿,清秀中顯英俊,圓滑的面部顯得自然莊重,同中有異;異中有同。其中部分塑像各有鮮明的個性:或坐、或立、或蹲、或俯首、或仰面、或揚手;有的表情也各有不同。合掌露齒菩薩立於蓮花之上,她體態略有側倚,性情溫柔,好像素有文化修養的翩翩少女飄然於雲端。她欲動又止,笑中露出聰明的智慧,好像領悟了佛祖的意思。按佛教的禮儀,她既賢淑大方、表情自若、喜悅有度,不失佛教的清規戒律。她喚起人們的不是敬仰與膜拜,而是青春活力。許多專家學者稱她為東方維納斯。 Breif introductionIt is 2400 years since the ancient city Datong was founded and during the period there have been many stories and a great number of historic attractions. Datong is surrended by mountains in three directions and by Sanggan River in the other. To the north there is the Great Wall; to the south, the famous Yanmenguan; to the west, the great desert; and the east, the Baideng Mountain. It is the most important thoroughfare between Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. Datong used to be called Yunzhong and Pingcheng in history. During Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, Tuobo tribe of Serbi rose and moved its capital to Pingcheng in A.D. 398 and moved again to Luoyang in A.D. 494 and this about hundred years is the most prosperous period in Datong history. During Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, for 200years Khitans and Nuchens took Datong as alternate capital (called Xijing) and hence Datong became prosperous again. Huayan Temple-the Museum of Liao and Jin arts and Upper Huayan Temple, the thousand-year-old-temple are the primes (最好的,第一流的)in architecture of the two dynasties. In Yuan Dynasty, Datong was the important route to Inner Mongolia and still prosperous. Marco Polo marvelled at its prosperity in his travel notes. In Ming Dynasty, general Xuda rebuilt the city and it became one of the most precious in terms of arts, history, science and tourism values was built in Year Hongwu洪武 (1398) of the Ming Dynasty. Numerous cultural treasures form the history of Datong and makes its brilliant culture and so make Datong a tourist resort. Huayan Temple shows the artistic style of the Liao Dynasty. Its construction has broken the rule of facing south and it faces east, which is the only one case in the temples in China. According to Story of Khitan, History of the Five Dynasties, three thousand Li north of Youzhou, there is a town called Xilouyi where all the houses face east. Khitan regarded east as superior and prayed to the east on the first day of every lunar month and it was following that Huayan Temple was built this way. The Daxiong Hall of the Temple is the main hall of the Temple and is also one of the biggest in China, covering an area of 1559 square meters. The Hall is splendid inside, five stately and king golden Buddha sit one the altar. On the wall inside the hall there are murals about the story of preaching nine times in seven different places. The patterns of the embellished (美化;裝飾)ceiling are different from one another and are really the best of the kind. The Bhangavat Library is the place where buddist scriptures are kept. The Sculptures are of bronze elegant and the disciples reverent(恭敬的,虔誠的).,particularly a ssenior one and a junior one. The Grinning(露齒而笑) Bodhisattva with clasped hands leans slightly and shows a wisely smile of whom Guo Moruo sang highly, saying that it is the Oriental Venus. At the turn of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty,the temple was divided into two-the one with the Daxiong hall is Upper and the one with the Bhagavat Library lower. 華嚴寺鬼子母回頭的故事在古印度一座幽深的山谷中,住著老鬼王波闍迦,和他的妻子鬼子母,他們有一萬個孩子,個個都是兇猛有力的大鬼王,經常擾亂天上或人間,而鬼子母最疼愛的是他的幼子,名叫嬪伽羅。 找不到愛子的鬼子母傷心欲絕,疲憊的身體使她更顯得憔悴,步履蹣跚,手腳傷痕累累,臉上的淚水如斷了線的珍珠,不停地落下。她不斷地呼喚嬪伽羅的名字,聲音都喊啞了。 佛陀聽了,便將缽拿出來,原來佛陀將嬪伽羅放在缽裡,悄悄帶回了精舍。 佛陀在鬼子母離開前,叮嚀她說:「妳要好好受持戒法,無有毀犯。過去妳曾是羯膩王的第七個女兒,平生作了很多功德,但因沒有持戒,所以才淪為鬼道眾生,受無量苦。」 從此,鬼子母不再捉小孩子為食,甚至成了佛陀的護法,稱為「鬼王母」,並且令其一萬個兒子也都受持三皈、五戒,不再惱亂他人。 改寫自《雜寶藏經》卷九 省思 佛法常說要發慈悲心,但要發大慈悲心者,必定要能對一切眾生有「感同身受」的心。其實人與人之間的衝突和是非,往往都是欠缺一份體諒,若能角色互換,必能善於體察眾生的苦,才能生起真正的大慈悲心,不傷害眾生,進而利益一切眾生
鬼子母
下華嚴寺美麗的荷花 |