資料:導遊地震、圖書、AI及各網路

Home to the Temple of the Tooth Relic, Kandy is an UNESCO World Heritage site and a popular tourist attraction. Many tourists, including us, stop by Kandy before heading to the villages of the hill country, such as Ella, Nuwara Eliya or Haputale.

Today, Kandy remains as the second largest city in Sri Lanka, and a major transportation hub in the region. It also lies in the midst of tea plantations. Known as the Sea of Milk, the artificial Kandy Lake remains as the focal point of the city. The lake was built in 1807 by King Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe right by the Temple of the Tooth Relic.

康提(Kandy)是佛牙寺(Temple of the Tooth Relic)的所在地,為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產,也是極受歡迎的旅遊勝地。許多遊客(包括我們)都會在前往丘陵地帶的村莊——例如艾拉(Ella)、努沃勒埃利耶(Nuwara Eliya)或哈普塔勒(Haputale)之前,先到康提停留。
如今,康提仍是斯里蘭卡第二大城市,也是該地區重要的交通樞紐。城市周圍環繞著茶園。而被譽為「牛奶之海」的人工湖——康提湖(Kandy Lake),則是這座城市的中心焦點。這座湖泊由斯里維克拉瑪·拉賈辛哈國王(King Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe)於1807年建造,緊鄰佛牙寺。

列為世界文化遺產,所以參訪的非佛教徒觀光客也很多。

 「佛牙 」是斯里蘭卡的國寶,我們去過的幾個城市都有佛牙寺,因為佛牙舍利也是僧伽羅人的「皇權」象徵,國王所在地的皇城就必需要有一座佛牙寺或稱為「神聖佛牙舍利寺」供奉佛牙;據傳佛陀涅槃後留有三顆佛牙舍利在人間:

l   一顆於南宋時由法顯法師帶到中國,現供奉於北京「靈光寺」;

l   一顆於伊斯蘭教入侵印度時帶到西藏,中國文化大革命時又被迎回印度,後幾經輾轉贈予星雲法師運到台灣供奉於「佛光山」;

l   另一顆在斯里蘭卡的康提「佛牙寺」;康提 (Kandy) 位於斯里蘭卡的中部,是一座山城古都,也是斯里蘭卡的第二大城,它是僧伽羅人歷經葡萄牙、荷蘭殖民統治期間還能堅守的最後一座堡壘,直到1815年才透過和談讓給英國管轄。

佛牙寺建築特色

寺廟的建築融合了斯里蘭卡傳統工藝與科特朝代的特色。遊客可以欣賞到精美的壁畫、木雕及石雕,這些不僅展現了藝術之美,更見證了過去輝煌的歷史。

有關佛牙寺的建築歷史:

始建階段

佛牙寺(Sri Dalada Maligawa)位於康提湖畔,是斯里蘭卡最神聖的佛教寺廟,供奉著傳說中佛陀的牙舍利,始建於1592年的「康提佛牙寺(Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic)」後遭損毀。

修復及遭到破壞階段()

現今的佛牙寺是僧伽羅人最後一個國王 Vira Parakrama Narendra Sinha在位期間(17071739) 所建,也是僧伽羅人所建的最後一座佛牙寺,它曾受到葡萄牙人的破壞。

修復及遭到破壞階段()

18世紀時重建,但1989年及1998年又兩度遭受泰米爾人攻擊與爆破然後又再度重建。

輝煌階段——奠定為世界級文化遺產

該寺於1988年被聯合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產,它是斯里蘭卡和世界佛教徒重要朝聖的聖地之一,每位斯里蘭卡總統宣誓就職後也都專程到此佛牙寺参拜

看到佛牙寺的破壞與建設的歷史,也跟聖經傳道書的” 凡事都有定期,天下萬務都有定時…撕裂有時,縫補有時。

經文中所列出的一切事情皆有既定的適當時間。與神和好的秘訣是在於看出、接受並欣賞神所定的時間。

斯里蘭卡是個小乘佛教國家,但生活上的栽種有時,拔出所栽種的也有時;殺戮有時,醫治有時;拆毀有時,建造有時的軌跡也不例外,寺院經歷了多次損毀,甚至外敵的入侵而遭破壞,但後來再度重魯後被列入世界級的遺產,國家元首就職而參拜,以致全球各地的遊客前來觀光或朝廷。

佛形寺有若許多人生的縮影:小時家貧,或被童黨排斥,甚至欺負;青少年發奮唸書,後來學有所成,工作忙碌,但當事業上了軌道後,享有自己辛苦所得的名譽、成果。

懷疑或怨恨神所定的時間都是危險的;這會使人失望、反叛,甚至不理神的旨意而自行其是。

每天早晨、中午和黃昏,會定時開放內殿和暗室供人禮拜。

正因為列為世界文化遺產, 所以參訪的非佛教徒觀光客也很多。

佛牙寺三大參拜禮儀
為了在佛牙寺的參訪行程中讓神佛感受到你的虔誠,以下是三項參拜禮儀技巧:

脫鞋與著裝要求
在進入佛牙寺大殿之前,所有參拜者必須脫掉鞋子,以示對聖地的尊重。

此外,應避免穿著無袖、暴露或過短的衣物,以免被禁止入場。 這種著裝要求適用於所有宗教場所,主要是為了維護禮儀和尊重神祇 。

供奉與香火
通常會事先準備蓮花和香火供奉於佛前。在進入佛牙寺主殿時,可以在門口領取蓮花,並在供奉箱中投入香油錢,以表達對佛教信仰的敬意。


由於雨老是瘋狂地下著,真的減低興致。幸好我有一個很強的意念:我要令我每一次旅行,皆是值得回憶的一次。下雨固然使人厭煩,尤其旅遊時,既要拿取行李,又要拍照和拿相機。

然而,能夠身在斯里蘭卡,還了12年來的心願,是非常難得的;何況就今次的觀察,篤信佛教的斯國人很友善,樂意幫助別人。由於我的膝蓋有問題,所以上落皆由司機助理協助,他為人非常友善,而且笑容可掬。所以即使下雨,一邊要拿取行李,又要拍照和拿相機和拐杖椅,身體不輕鬆,但心情卻十分舒暢。

人生根本就是五味架,怎會只有甜沒有苦,只是慢慢學會如何面對及調配屬於自己的人生五味架,展開探索旅程。當一個人有困難,總會探索究竟應加入什麼調味料,才可讓五味架找到平衡,把不同的調味料適量放在一起,可令餸菜變得美味可口,也很想和身邊的人一同分享。正如人生總會遇到快樂、心酸、艱辛、精彩刺激或失意的時刻,而這些經歷是要豐富我們的生命。

As it is listed as a World Heritage Site, it also attracts numerous non-Buddhist tourists.

The Buddha’s Tooth Relic is Sri Lanka’s national treasure. We visited several cities with Temples of the Tooth, for the relic is also a symbol of Sinhalese royal authority—every royal capital must house a Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic to enshrine it. Legend holds that three Buddha tooth relics remained in the world after the Buddha’s parinirvana:

  • One was brought to China by Master Faxian during the Southern Song Dynasty and is now enshrined at Lingguang Temple in Beijing.
  • Another was taken to Tibet during the Islamic invasion of India, returned to India during the Cultural Revolution, and later gifted to Master Hsing Yun, who brought it to Taiwan for enshrinement at Fo Guang Shan.
  • The third is housed at the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka.

Kandy, a mountainous ancient capital in central Sri Lanka and the country's second-largest city, was the last stronghold the Sinhalese held against Portuguese and Dutch colonial rule until it was ceded to British administration via a treaty in 1815.

Architectural Features of the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic

The temple’s architecture blends traditional Sri Lankan craftsmanship with features from the Kotte Dynasty. Visitors can admire exquisite murals, wood carvings, and stone sculptures—works that not only showcase artistic beauty but also bear witness to a glorious past.

Architectural History

  • Initial Construction: The Sri Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic), located by Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka’s most sacred Buddhist temple housing the legendary tooth relic, was first built in 1592 but later destroyed.
  • First Phase of Destruction and Restoration: The current temple was constructed during the reign of Vira Parakrama Narendra Sinha (1707–1739), the last Sinhalese king, and was damaged by the Portuguese.
  • Second Phase of Destruction and Restoration: Rebuilt in the 18th century, it was attacked and bombed by Tamil forces in 1989 and 1998, then reconstructed again.
  • Glory and World Heritage Status: Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, it is a major pilgrimage site for Sri Lankan and global Buddhists. Every Sri Lankan president makes a special pilgrimage here after taking the oath of office.

The temple’s history of destruction and rebuilding echoes the verse from the Book of Ecclesiastes: “To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under heaven… a time to tear down and a time to build up.”

All things have their appointed time. The secret to peace with God lies in recognizing, accepting, and cherishing His timing.

Sri Lanka is a Theravada Buddhist nation, and its trajectory—“a time to plant and a time to uproot, a time to kill and a time to heal, a time to tear down and a time to build up”—is no exception. The temple has been repeatedly damaged, even by foreign invasions, yet after reconstruction, it became a world heritage site, visited by heads of state and tourists from around the world.

The temple mirrors life: one may grow up poor, bullied or ostracized; study hard in youth, achieve success, and work busily; then, as one’s career takes off, enjoy the fruits of labor. Doubting or resenting God’s timing is dangerous—it leads to disappointment, rebellion, and acting against His will.

The inner sanctum and chamber are open for worship at fixed times each morning, noon, and evening.

Three Etiquette Tips for Visiting

To show your piety at the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, follow these three etiquette guidelines:

  • Shoe Removal and Dress Code: All visitors must remove their shoes before entering the main hall as a sign of respect. Avoid sleeveless, revealing, or overly short clothing, as you may be denied entry. This rule applies to all religious sites to uphold decorum and respect for the divine.
  • Offerings and Incense: Prepare lotus flowers and incense in advance to offer. At the main entrance, you may pick up lotus flowers and place a donation in the offering box to show reverence for Buddhism.

The relentless rain really dampened our spirits. Fortunately, I held a strong resolve: to make every trip a memorable one. Rain is frustrating, especially when traveling—juggling luggage, taking photos, and holding a camera.

Yet being in Sri Lanka, fulfilling a 12-year dream, is a rare blessing. Moreover, from what I observed, the devoutly Buddhist Sri Lankans are kind and always ready to help. With my knee problems, my driver’s assistant assisted me up and down stairs—he was incredibly friendly and always smiling. So even with the rain, juggling luggage, a camera, a walking stick, and a chair, my heart felt light.

Life is a five-flavor pot—how could it only be sweet? We gradually learn to face and balance our own mix of flavors, embarking on a journey of exploration. When facing difficulties, we seek the right “seasonings” to restore balance. Just as the right blend of flavors makes a dish delicious, we want to share it with others. Life brings joy, sorrow, hardship, excitement, and disappointment—all experiences that enrich our lives.

 

紀念斯里蘭卡著名的佛教高僧Sri Sumangala Thero。(下)

這座雕像是位於斯里蘭卡康提的 Sri Sumangala Thero 紀念碑。
歷史人物:紀念碑上的雕像是Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero,他是一位著名的僧侶、學者,對斯里蘭卡的佛教復興和教育發展作出了重大貢獻。
紀念意義:這座紀念碑是為了表彰他在佛教哲學、語言學和推廣傳統教育方面的努力。
地理位置:位於斯里蘭卡康提的歷史區域

植物物種:這棵樹是玉蕊(學名:Barringtonia),這是一種常見於熱帶海岸地區的樹木。 環境特徵:樹幹上長出了特殊的下垂花序,這是玉蕊科植物的典型特徵。

建築特色:這是一座典型的辛哈拉風格建築,牆壁呈粉紅色,屋頂為紅色瓦片,寺內有金色的舍利塔。

斯里蘭卡的佛寺數量遠少於泰國和緬甸。

三國佛寺數量(官方 / 權威統計)

  • 泰國:截至 2025 3 1 日,44,195 (含皇家寺廟 311 座)
  • 緬甸2023 年統計,超過 50,000
  • 斯裡蘭卡2024 年官方資料,12,235 (登記在冊佛寺)
      • 佛教徒比例:
國家
人口
佛教徒比例
泰國
約 7000 萬
佔 90%+
緬甸
約 5400 萬
佔80%+
斯里蘭卡
約 2200 萬
佔70% 左右

      歷史與文化:三國均為南傳上座部佛教核心區,但緬甸、泰國因歷史上長期以佛教為國教、王室大力建寺,佛寺密度與總量顯著更高;斯里蘭卡雖為佛教發源地之一,但歷史上戰亂與外族入侵導致大量古寺損毀,現存以修復與新建為主。

斯里蘭卡、泰國、緬甸同屬南傳上座部佛教圈,但佛塔(斯里蘭卡稱 Dagaba/Stupa,泰國稱 Chedi,緬甸稱 Paya/Pagoda)在造型結構、建材裝飾、佈局功能上形成了鮮明的地域特色,這裡給你做系統對比並附代表案例:

一、斯里蘭卡佛塔(Dagaba

  1. 典型造型:半球 / 鐘形覆缽(Garbha)異常飽滿厚重,是視覺主體;下方有多層圓形基環(Pesawa),上方依次為方形實心方龕(Hatharas Kotuwa)、圓柱頸(Devatha Kotuwa)、錐形尖頂與水晶飾(Chuda Manikya);常見 穀堆型”“鐘型”“氣泡型;通體多為純淨的白色抹灰,少過度鎏金。
  2. 結構與建材:多為磚砌實心,極少內部可供大規模穿行的空間;核心是舍利密室;常建于高平臺(Maluwa),四向有階梯,台壁常有大象浮雕;古代以磚、石灰為主,現代修復加混凝土。
  3. 代表:魯萬維利薩亞大塔(Ruwanwelisaya)、傑特瓦納拉馬大塔(Jetavanaramaya

    斯里蘭卡魯萬維利薩亞大塔


泰国玉佛寺金塔 

泰國清曼寺佛塔

三、緬甸佛塔(Paya/Pagoda

  1. 典型造型:標誌性覆鐘形(倒扣大鐘),塔身弧度更陡峭、向上收分更急,塔刹(hti)異常華麗,常掛滿風鈴與寶石鑲嵌;基座多為方形三層,四角常附小塔;通體鎏金之風遠盛于斯里蘭卡,仰光大金塔是極致代表。
  2. 結構與建材:蒲甘時期以紅磚為主,表面抹灰或薄金;後期(如仰光)大量用金箔、銅皮、琉璃、寶石;塔內常設佛堂與通道,壁畫、造像豐富;抗震結構在多次修復中強化。
  3. 代表:仰光大金塔(Shwedagon Pagoda)、蒲甘瑞喜宮塔(Shwezigon Pagoda

緬甸仰光大金塔

然而,斯裡蘭卡的佛像數目,就目測來說,遠遠多於緬甸和泰國,因為即使在街道上很多地方皆有佛像的蹤影,他們的造型大多祥和友善,令人感到十分舒服。

以下就是佛牙寺的外貌,非常獨特。

當天全日滂沱大雨,但仍得遵守入寺參觀的規則--脫鞋,所以感到腳部很骯髒。

牆上有艾瑪瑪拉公主和丹塔王子的壁畫。

歷史背景:當時斯里蘭卡由瞿他婆耶王(Gothabhaya)統治,收到佛牙後將其供奉於阿努拉德普勒(Anuradhapura)的寺廟中。 權力象徵:歷史上,擁有佛牙被視為擁有在斯里蘭卡合法統治的象徵,是該國的國寶與聖物。 現今供奉:佛牙舍利經歷多次遷移,現供奉於斯里蘭卡中部城市康提(Kandy)的佛牙寺(Temple of the Tooth Relic),並在每年8月舉辦盛大的「佛牙節」(Esala Perahera)

下圖:擺放了佛牙的小金塔。印度佛牙是由羯陵伽國公主艾瑪瑪拉為保護神聖佛牙,將其藏在髮髻中,在陀多王子護送下跨海前往錫蘭的。

佛牙寺獻給佛祖的花猶如花海,而且很鮮艷。

上、下圖:七彩繽紛的花卉

上:虔誠的教徒坐在地上禮佛。

下:除了真花外,還有精美的雕刻。

下圖:這張照片拍攝的是 ** 斯里蘭卡康提的佛牙寺(Sri Dalada Maligawa** 內部核心供奉區域。這座寺廟位於康提湖畔,是斯里蘭卡最重要的佛教聖地,也是聯合國世界文化遺產。

上三圖:

核心場景與建築特徵

  • 核心供奉:畫面正中央是一尊金色的坐佛,這是佛殿的主尊。
  • 標誌性象牙:佛像兩側顯著位置陳列著巨大的象牙,這是康提佛牙寺內殿的標誌性裝飾元素之一。在佛教文化中,大象象徵吉祥與神聖,這些象牙通常用於烘托神聖莊嚴的氛圍。
  • 建築裝飾:背景可見白色的雕花立柱、米黃色的褶皺窗簾,以及帶有金色紋飾的天花板。寺內內部裝飾極盡奢華,融合了傳統的康提建築風格,大量使用木雕、象牙雕刻和金飾。

這三個廳的佛像全部來自各國的饋贈,例如:中國、泰國、日本

鼓在斯里蘭卡的重要儀式不可或缺

上圖:寺內有許多白色大理石佛像,其中部分是信徒或海外華人捐贈的,風格常帶有中國或緬甸影響(例如衣紋細膩、光滑如瓷),與傳統斯里蘭卡古佛像(多為石雕或石灰岩、眼睛常半開)的古樸風格不同。

斯里蘭卡其他著名白色佛像(如某些現代廟宇的白色大佛)多為大型戶外立像或坐像(如Kandy的Bahiravokanda Vihara白色大佛),但風格較粗獷,且少見如此光滑細緻的室內白玉/大理石小中型坐像。古蹟如Anuradhapura的Samadhi Buddha雖安詳,但材質為石頭且年代古老、外觀不同。

下圖:畫面展現了丹塔王子(Prince Dantha)和赫瑪馬利公主(Princess Hemamala)喬裝打扮,將佛牙舍利從印度秘密運送到斯里蘭卡的過程。

下圖:這幅畫作位於斯里蘭卡康提(Kandy)著名的佛牙寺Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic,當地稱為 Sri Dalada Maligawa)內,屬於該寺新翼(Alut Maligawa)二樓牆上的一系列現代壁畫之一。

以下是關於這幅畫作的詳細來源及歷史背景:

1. 畫作來源與創作者

  • 位置: 康提佛牙寺新大樓(或稱佛牙博物館區域)的牆面上。
  • 畫家: 由斯里蘭卡當代著名畫家 Upasena Gunawardena 所繪。他在 1990 年代左右受委託創作了一系列共 21 幅壁畫,用以記錄佛牙舍利從印度傳入斯里蘭卡直至近現代的歷史。
  • 畫作 ID 你提供的圖片編號「FC6BNM」是 Alamy 圖庫的索引編號,該圖庫收錄了這系列壁畫的攝影作品。

2. 描繪的歷史事件:1847 年佛牙舍利移交儀式

這幅畫描繪的是斯里蘭卡歷史上一個極為關鍵的時刻——1847 年英國殖民政府正式將佛牙舍利的管理權交還給當地的佛教僧團與康提領袖

  • 歷史背景:
    • 英國接管: 1815 年康提王國淪陷後,英國與當地領袖簽署了《康提條約》(Kandyan Convention),承諾保護佛教及佛牙舍利。當時佛牙被視為王權的象徵,誰擁有佛牙,誰就擁有統治斯里蘭卡的合法性。
    • 殖民矛盾: 1840 年代,英國國內的基督教傳教士和議會成員強烈反對殖民政府直接參與「異教」儀式(如佛牙節 Perahera 的管理和守衛)。
    • 正式交還: 1847 年,時任錫蘭總督**托林頓勳爵(Lord Torrington**下令撤走佛牙寺的英國衛兵,並將存放佛牙的寶匣鑰匙正式移交給當地的馬爾瓦特(Malwatte)與阿斯吉里亞(Asgiriya)兩大教派的僧王(Mahanayake Theros),以及名譽管理員(Diyawadana Nilame)。

3. 畫作細節解讀

  • 左側人物: 坐在紅色遮陽篷下、身穿紅色軍服或殖民官服的是英國官員,代表當時的殖民政府。
  • 中央象群: 畫面中央有一頭披著華麗裝飾的大象,背馱著盛放佛牙舍利的金色寶匣(Karanduwa),這象徵著佛牙舍利的至高無上地位。
  • 右側人物: 穿著傳統白色服裝、戴著方形頭飾的是康提酋長(Nilames);穿著藏紅花色僧袍的則是佛牙寺的高僧。
  • 背景建築: 背景中白色的八角形建築即是佛牙寺著名的八角亭(Paththirippuwa,由康提末代國王 Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe 所建。

這幅畫不僅是一件藝術品,更是斯里蘭卡佛教權威與主權在殖民背景下重新回歸本土的重要象徵。

上圖:說明了佛陀從降兜率、入胎、出胎、成長、出家、降魔、成道、涅盤、舍利子....等連續圖解說明。

下圖:佛牙寺後門的雕刻更美。

下圖:

覲見廳(Audience Hall / Magul Maduwa

🏛️ 位置與歸屬

覲見廳位於斯里蘭卡康提(Kandy)的佛牙寺建築群內,緊鄰王宮(Royal Palace),是整個聖地宗教與政治建築群的重要組成部分。佛牙寺於1988年被列為UNESCO世界文化遺產。

🪵 建築特色

**斯里蘭卡最後一位國王斯里·維克拉馬·拉賈辛哈(Sri Vikrama Rajasinha**在位期間建成(1815年前完工)

最初建於1783年,由**康提·斯里·拉賈蒂拉賈辛哈(Kandy Sri Rajadirajasingha**下令興建築採用康提王朝傳統木構造風格,以密集排列的精雕木柱支撐碩大的斜瓦屋頂木柱上的雕刻工藝被視為康提時期木雕藝術的傑出代表。

📜 歷史功能

          時期

功能

康提王朝

國王接見臣民、舉行宮廷會議的「議事廳」

1815

《康提公約》(Kandyan Convention)草案在此宣讀,確立英國對斯里蘭卡的管治,為殖民歷史重要地點

英國殖民時期

曾用作地方法院及行政辦公場所

1872  

為迎接**威爾斯親王阿爾伯特·愛德華(未來的英王愛德華七世)**訪問而整修擴建,長度再延伸約9.6

現今

由斯里蘭卡考古局管轄,作為國家重要歷史遺蹟保護,並用於官方慶典

🌧️ 關於您的照片

照片攝於 20251126日傍晚,當天正在下雨,遊客撐傘參觀,可見廊柱、磚砌台基與寬廣的木構屋頂,與覲見廳的建築描述高度吻合。

總結:您拍攝的確實是佛牙寺園區內的建築,功能上相當於古代的「議事廳/覲見廳」——即康提國王接見臣民、主持朝政的地方,歷史意義非常重大。

2 Sources


International Buddhist Museum is the world's first International Buddhist Museum.It is located next to the National Museum of Kandy and Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The site was the former Palace of the Kandian King, Wimaladharmasuriya,upon which the British constructed a Victorian era building, which housed the Kandy Kachcheri.

下圖:由中國為佛形寺卡建築的兩層洗手間,由湖南建工集團總公司承建的斯里蘭卡最負盛名旅遊景點康堤佛牙寺的大型衛生設施於2016106日正式落成。該衛生設施位於佛牙寺後側,是迄今佛牙寺最大、最先進的衛生設施。佛牙寺衛生設施的落成,不僅將全面解決寺廟衛生管理長期面臨的問題,改善康提的旅遊基礎設施。

The large-scale sanitation facility at the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka’s most famous tourist attraction, constructed by Hunan Construction Engineering Group Corporation, was officially completed on October 6, 2016.
Located at the rear of the temple, it is by far the largest and most advanced sanitation facility at the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic.
The completion of this sanitation project will not only comprehensively resolve the long-standing challenges in the temple's hygiene management but also improve the tourism infrastructure in Kandy.

沒料到,普通一個洗手間,也需要由外國協助。畢竟,斯里蘭卡是發展中國家,財力有限;正如家人所言,建廁所不難,建設備齊全而美觀的則較難。

我曾使用這個廁所,衛生程度良好,而一般斯里蘭卡人使用廁所有公德心。

下圖:康提湖是由稻田開挖而成的人工湖,1807 年由斯里蘭卡末代國王 Sri Vikrama Rajasinha修建,他還在湖畔築起供妻妾沐浴的皇后浴池(Queen's Bath)。

2025年佛牙節的盛大慶典絕對是一次不容錯過的難得體驗!特別是慶典的最後兩天,夜間遊行會進入高潮,擁有最盛大、最精采的表現。來自各地的舞者、鼓手、火舞者和裝飾華麗的大象,將在康提的街頭展開壯觀的夜間遊行,象徵佛牙舍利的金色寶匣由佛牙寺御象緩緩行進,整個街道被燈火點亮,營造出震撼的視覺效果。

KANDY

Kandy, Sri Lanka's cultural capital, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. This capital, founded by Vimaladharmasurya I in 1592, was the seat of government during the Dutch and Portuguese occupations of the maritime provinces and until British rule in 1815.

The valley of Kandy, surrounded by inaccessible hills, was in many ways the last bastion of the Sinhalese, until Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe, the last monarch of Sri Lanka, was captured by the British with the assistance of Sinhala nobles who were disgruntled with his irrational decisions. History records that the King was turned into an alcoholíc by his foreign enemies.

Some of the decisions that he made were paranoid, such as the impaling of over 100 advisors on the reservoir bund of a paddy field because they had advised him against converting the paddy field into a lake. The King, who was a great admirer of beaut and landscapes, had the paddy field dredged into the present Kandy lake and the bund into an island before he was captured and exiled to Mauritius.

Even though Kandy is a relatively new city, there is scattered evidence to point to its having been inhabited at least 800 years ago. The Royal Palace now has an inscription referring to King Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa, who visited the site in the 12th century. Today, Kandy offers the visitor a rich collection of temples and ancient houses, traditional handicrafts and souvenirs, and cultural practices and rituals.

There is an annual pageant in Kandy: elephantbathing, boating on the lake, the Botanical Gardens,the water falls and the mountains are only some of the attractions.

Since the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha was brought to the island, it has remained with royalty.

The relic was enshrined in Kandy in a building that Vimmaladharmasurya I, the founder of the capital, had constructed; it was subsequently placed by his successors in new and renovated buildings.

The temple known as the Dalada Maligawa has undergone several phases of development, including the incorporation of a Pathirippuwa, or octagon, which now houses a rare collection of Buddhist books.

The custodian of the Temple of the Sacred Tooth, the Diyawadana Nilame, ensures the smooth functioning of the temple.

68ince the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha was brought to the island, it has remained with royalty.

The relic was enshrined in Kandy in a building that Vimmaladharmasurya I, the founder of the capital, had constructed; it was subsequently placed by his Successors in new and renovated buildings.

The temple known as the Dalada Maligawa has undergone several phases of development, including the incorporation of a Pathirippuwa, or octagon, which now houses a rare collection of Buddhist Books.

The custodian of the Temple of the Sacred Tooth, the Diyawadana Nilame, ensures the smooth functioning of the temple.

The entrance to the temple is over the moat, and a stone stairway leads the visitor through a tunnel to the drummers' courtyard. Facing the visitor is a two-storey building the upper floor of which enshrines the gem-studded gold caskets containing the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha. Millions of devotees have venerated the sacred relic. Through the ages, thousands of other objects, made mostly out of precious stones and metals and donated to the temple by rulers, dignitaries and well-wishers, have come to adorn the sacred chamber.

Every day thousands of devotees gather at this sacred temple from throughout Sri Lanka to light lamps, offer incense and pay homage to the Enlightened One whose sacred tooth relic is enshrined there. The monks, as well as those in attendance, including drummers, perform their daily rituals. The art, architecture and paintings in the temple, stand testimony to the generosity of the King and other members of royalty who patronized the temple through the years to enhance its beauty and enrich its history.

The Natha Devale, one of the four Hindu and Buddhist shrines in the proximity of the Temple of the Tooth Relic, dates to the 14th century. The devale has been restored to its original design. The image in the devale is that of Avalokitesswara

Natha, a previous life of the Buddha. Before consecration, all kings were obliged to worship at the devale and choose their royal name in front of the image. The view of the Dalada Maligawa across the lake has often captured the imagination of the traveller. At the other end is the Queens, a hotel associated with British royalty and which still retains some of the old architectural styles. The lake offers boat rides, and a park at the other extremity provides a playground for children.

The Nuwara Perahera, or Pageant of Kandy, is the most colourful procession in the world. About 100 caprisoned elephants and over 100 dancers, drummers and noblemen, led by the custodian of the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, parade past hundreds of thousands of spectators while these pay

Homage to the sacred tooth relic enshrined in a golden casket carried by the Raja Aliya, or King of the Elephants. In keeping with the tradition established at Anuradhapura, the procession moves along the street for seven consecutive nights and concludes on the day of the August full moon.


似乎安排旅客到佛牙寺旁邊欣賞民族歌舞,是各地旅行團的指定動作。據悉,斯里蘭卡最早的文化舞蹈表演,由1982年開始,一直持續至今。

表演地點:坎迪安文化中心享受一場神奇的現場表演,包括傳統樂器、歌曲舞蹈和火焰表演。 現場有分發表演節目介紹,整場表演總共有12支舞蹈。
伴隨着鼓聲、鐃鈸和尖鋭的笛聲開場,舞者穿著的服裝和頭飾很華麗,遊客無不沉醉其中。

斯里蘭卡最早的原住民是維達⼈ ( 也稱吠陀人)維達⼈能歌善舞, 有很高音樂天賦 ) ,隨著僧伽羅⼈和泰米爾⼈從南印度移民到斯里蘭卡後, 僧伽羅⼈因⼈數佔多數反而成為主要居民。所以僧伽羅族的傳統舞蹈就成為代表斯里蘭卡。

瓦納姆有18種﹕蛇舞(起舞的姿態) 、神猴舞、御象舞、智神舞、黃鶯舞、國王舞、兔舞、孔雀舞、神螺舞、雞舞、獅舞、雙神舞、馬舞、鷹舞、舞神舞、武士舞、蛇舞(爬行姿態) 、世尊舞。瓦納姆是舞蹈、詩歌和音樂的合成體。每種瓦納姆有不同的節拍,舞蹈有固定的程式,按音樂的順序可分為 6段。

瓦納姆是斯里蘭卡古代藝術家長期對大自然生活觀察體驗創造的。它們不僅通過藝術誇張的浪漫手法模擬動物的外在特徵和擬人化的性格,而且具有很高的藝術性,成為康堤舞中的藝術珍品。

康堤舞中還有表現古代軍事操練的金鐶舞和吾達吉舞;表現男性技巧的筋鬥舞;向天神祈求保護的供獻舞等。

民間舞則多表現世俗生活和勞動情景,如收割舞﹑採茶舞﹑汲水舞﹑棍棒舞等。傳說康堤舞動作屬於濕婆神創造的健舞類,其主要動作特徵為兩腿分開半蹲,腰部下塌。其基本功分腿功和手功。下身動作沉穩有力,手臂基本平舉胸前,手掌裡外翻動,動作棱角分明,頭隨體﹑眼跟手,全身和諧一致。

康堤舞的伴奏以橄欖形的凱得鼓為主,可用64種不同的節奏伴奏。舞蹈服裝以精美的維斯服飾著稱。斯里蘭卡獨立以來,建立了藝術學院、舞蹈學校和專業演出團體。康堤舞在繼承傳統舞蹈的過程中不斷創新,日臻完美。「大象舞」是最典型的康堤舞。斯里蘭卡人的生活與大象有密切關係,大象的淳樸勤勞深得人們的喜愛。上古時期人們還敬奉大象,因此不少原始舞蹈模擬大象情態,以祈求它們迅速繁衍,造福村社。幾乎所有流傳下來的康堤舞都可以找出莊嚴持重的大象舞步。


1、祈鼓


這是一種祝福性的鼓樂演奏,無論僧俗,在重要的儀式和節目的開始,都要演奏,從康堤中部山區經薩巴拉嘎穆地區到整個低地的所有斯里蘭卡僧伽羅佛教文化地區,無人不知,演奏包括斯里蘭卡的各種鼓類,演奏伴以笛子、海螺和長號等吹奏樂器。鼓手下身穿著白色沙龍,腰上系著寬寬的紅色腰帶,頭上帶著流蘇頭巾,上身裸露。


2、收割舞


是一種流行民間的鄉村少女舞蹈,少女們享受著帶給鄉村歡樂和富裕的豐收喜悅。農民們正在稍事歇息,而他們的妻子們卻還在收割。在實際生活中,少女們也是邊收割邊歌唱。歌聲唱道:他們正在太陽神、月亮神和智慧神經常光臨的田邊收穫。


3、底爾美舞


是一種低地舞蹈,也是敬神儀式的組成部分,該舞專為主管生兒育女的帕蒂尼神而跳的,舞蹈中除手腳快速動作和身體有節奏的彎曲以外,還穿插了旋轉和筋斗。一個簡單頭蓋,一塊上身裹飾、一條肥大褲裙和一條裝飾皮帶形成其服飾的特點。音樂採用長筒形魔鼓。


4、潘底茹舞


舞蹈演員運用一種小手鼓似的樂器一潘底茹,象徵古僧伽羅戰士踏上征途。在這種裝飾性的銅鈴伴隨下,舞蹈演員做著一系列充滿著技巧的,靈敏而有節奏的造型,這種舞蹈幾乎在所有鄉村節日和盛會中都極為流行。


5、女魔


在這一特殊的舞蹈中穿插了一些放蕩的情節。女魔是一群妖魔的同夥,女魔以其美貌著名,也被認為是生兒育女的象徵。女魔舞通常由一個或更多的男女舞蹈演員來表演。

在網上找到以下 blog文的截圖。一看就知是個沒有深度的人了,泛泛地說佛綫香的味道、奇怪、號稱能打出一百種音調的擊鼓、沉悶,就知道他完全不投入,不用心去欣賞。

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